According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Ferencz is one of the most iconic voices in the field of international justice. Powered by. Without calling a single witness, he entered into evidence the defendants' own reports of what they'd done. Their job had been to follow the German army as it invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, and kill Communists, Gypsies and especially Jews. Tells His Amazing Story Of How Became a Prosecutor At The Nuremberg Trials At Only 27 Years Old She warns of contemporary parallels and strikes a chord with many of her listeners. In the spring of 1947, a team member happened to come across three thick folders in the filing cabinets of the foreign officelabeled "Event dispatchesfrom the Soviet Union Reports from the Eastern Front." So you see these human stories which are not -- they're not real. It also raises the question: should nonprofits be taking money from those linked to criminal enterprises, let alone lobby for them? They ended up being reports from SS special unitsdisguised under the name "Einsatzgruppen," the term used to refer to SS mobile death squads. In the years after the trial, he didnt recede into private life. Benjamin Ferencz Was Born in the Transylvanian Mountains But Grew Up in Hells Kitchen Despite his critical role for the U.S. forces, Ben Ferencz was actually born in Transylvania. Benjamin B. Ferencz was born in the Carpathian Mountains of Transylvania in 1920, his website biography reads. When he was ten months old his family moved to America. Gustav Krupp, who was the first to pledge 1 million reichsmarks, was made Hitlers fuhrer of industry, becoming a key arms supplier of the Wehrmacht. In Berlin, Mr. Ferencz gathered sufficient evidence to prosecute individuals in connection with the so-called roving task forces or Einsatzgruppen that were established to murder Jews, European Romas, communist functionaries, and Soviet intellectuals. Exhibit 179, from Kiev in 1941: "The city's Jews were ordered to present themselves about 34,000 reported, including women and children. Disclamer: Ben Ferencz net worth displayed here are calculated based on a combination social factors. Thus, Ferencz was named Chief Prosecutor for the United States in The Einsatzgruppen Case, proseucting 22 people charged with murdering more than a million people. U.K. announced sanctions against seven Russian oligarchs, new long-term strategic partnership, who has given more than $500 million to Jewish causes worldwide, petitioned the U.S. embassy to keep him from being sanctioned, would do the bidding for a man linked to corrupt financial activity and the Kremlin, according to a 2020 report by the Anti-Corruption Data Collective, found himself locked out of the company he founded in London, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelinskyy tweeted the day Russian missiles rained down on Babin Yar, far-right, anti-Semitic, extremist violence. Benjamin Ferencz: That was their assignment, come in behind the troop, round up the Jews, kill 'em all. 60 Minutes correspondent Lesley Stahl and Nuremberg prosecutor Ben Ferencz, SOLA: Daring to educate Afghanistan's girls, Sanna Marin: Finland's 37-year-old prime minister, Kherson, Ukraine, withstands constant Russian attacks after occupation ends, IMF head Kristalina Georgieva on the 2023 global economy. Ferencz was tasked with securing them before they were destroyed. He delivered the closing argument in the court's first case. Excerpts from the Opening Statements by Ben Ferencz, Chief Prosecutor of the Einsatzgruppen Case #9 held in Nuremberg. Benjamin Ferencz was just 27 when he successfully prosecuted 22 defendants for war crimes. Born on March 11, 1920 in United States, Ben Ferencz started his career as lawyer and pacifist . On June 6, 1944, D-Day, he and his comrades jumped from a landing craft and pushed towardOmaha Beach, on the northern French coast of Normandy. He recalls in his writingshow at the trial's start, the rows were packed with people, but as the trial progressed, the seats emptied out asthe Germans failed to keep upinterest. Mr. Ferencz has published widely on issues pertaining to world peace generally and to international criminal law more specifically. Wage growth is slowing. The network of camps she and my mother barely survived isnt well known. Since childhood, Mr. Ferencz has felt a burning desire to press for global peace; this same desire continues to motivate him today. Benjamin Ferencz: They were 3,000 SS officers trained for the purpose, and directed to kill without pity or remorse, every single Jewish man, woman, and child they Benjamin Ferencz: And I'm still in there fighting. Its name, Organization Schmelt, sounds more like a type of herring than the SS Oberfuhrer and former Gestapo head from Wroclaw, Poland, after whom it was named. Its a form of reparations without any admission of guilt or wrongdoing, and thats something Ferencz, who helped draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, establishing every human beings inalienable rights to freedom, dignity and equality, and negotiated the terms of restitution to victims of Nazi slave labor after the Holocaust, would know. Ben Ferencz entered into evidence the defendants' own reports of what they'd done. If only the world had responded to Hitler in the same way. His thoughts grew more confused. Benjamin Ferencz, who turned 100 in March, remains a fundamentally optimistic person. Good morning, he hollered. At Harvard, he studied under Roscoe Pound and also did research for Sheldon Glueck who, at that time, was writing a book on war crimes. An additional two defendants were found guilty for membership in a criminal organization but acquitted on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity. Family (1) Spouse Gertrude Fried (29 March 1946 - 2019) (her Ten months later, his family moved to the United States, where he grew up in Manhattan. 27-year-old Ben Ferencz became the chief prosecutor of 22 Einsatzgruppen commanders at Nuremberg. Taylor immediately appointed Ferencz to his team. By Laya Anasu April 18, 2013. You want them to pay? I don't. But Ferencz knew they were guilty and could prove it. Lesley Stahl: What was going on inside of you? Good morning, he hollered. The father had died just as we were entering the camp. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW The book, entitled Parting Words: 9 Lessons for a Remarkable Life,willbe published in English on December 31, 2020. Ben Ferencz Nuremberg Einsatzgruppen Case #9 Opening. It was a fraught and dangerous undertaking. Ferencz has donated millions to the U.S. And get your ass out of there.. WebBen Ferencz net worth 2.13 Million Millions of dollars 84% Net worth score Disclamer: Ben Ferencz net worth displayed here are calculated based on a combination social factors. Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot loses reelection bid, Fiery train crash in Greece kills dozens, many of them students. The defendants were the cruel executioners whose terror wrote the blackest page in human history, he said in his opening statement. After they had been made to give up their clothing and valuables, all of them were killed, which took several days." Even today, when I close my eyes, I witness a deadly vision I can never forget []. More than 70 years ago, Ben Ferencz became the chief prosecutor of 22 commanders of the Einsatzgruppen Nazi death squads at trial number 9 at Nuremberg. First published on June 27, 2021 / 6:54 PM. In 2017, Ben Ferencz partnered with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museums Simon-Skjodt Center for the Prevention of Genocide to establish the Ferencz International Justice Initiative to continue his legacy of demanding justice for victims of atrocity crimes. Later, he became an advocate of international rule of law and for the establishment of an International Criminal Court. US Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Benjamin Ferencz. WebIn 1943, Mr. Ferencz graduated from Harvard Law School and soon thereafter he joined an anti-aircraft artillery battalion. These pieces of evidence provided the legal foundation for one of the largest murder trials in history: On September 15, 1947, Ferencz made his opening statement in Room 600 of the Nuremberg courthouse. And I also learned that if we did not devote ourselves to developing effective world law, the same cruel mentality that made the Holocaust possible might one day destroy the entire human race. Ben Ferencz. Getty The UN posted the interview on its website. He stopped checking his emails. Nobody goes in or out without my permission. Nothing new ever happened before. Lesley Stahl: You know, you-- have seen the ugliest side of humanity. Without pity or remorse, the SS murder squads killed every Jewish man, woman, and child they could lay their hands on. After his studies, he joined the U.S. Army, where he served in the 115th AAA Gun Battalion, an anti-aircraft artillery unit. Ferencz discovered detailed lists of a murderous program the SS used to killhundreds of thousands of Jews, Sinti and Roma people in Eastern Europe. Chelsea owner Roman Abramovich is seen on the stand during the Barclays Premier League match between Chelsea and Sunderland at Stamford Bridge on December 19, 2015 in London, England. Ferencz graduated from Harvard in 1943. Soon thereafter, the US Government recruited Mr. Ferencz to join the team working on the Nurember tribunals, a novel independent court established to try top-ranking Nazi officials for crimes perpetrated during the Holocaust. Benjamin Ferencz: And I've got-- I've got his reports of how many he killed. And the father had routinely saved a piece of his bread for his son, and he kept it under his arm at He kept it under his arm at night so the other inmates wouldn't steal it, you know. He added, The lamp went out when [President Trump] said no immigrants allowed unless they meet the rules that we laid down.. Ask your questions.. The last surviving prosecutor at the Nuremberg war crimes trials against Nazi leadership, he has worked tirelessly as a champion of international law and human rights. Camps like Buchenwald, Mauthausen, and Dachau are vividly imprinted in my minds eye. Benjamin Ferencz, the last living Nuremberg war-crimes prosecutor, gave $1 million through his Planethood Foundation to the museums Simon-Skjodt Center for the Yes. / CBS News. Just get your evidence. In 1945, he was transferred to the headquarters of General Pattons Third Army, where he was assigned to a team tasked with setting up a war crimes branch and collecting evidence for such crimes. His earliest memories are of his small basement apartment in a Manhattan district appropriately referred to as Hells Kitchen. Even at an early age, he felt a deep yearning for universal friendship and worldpeace., He went to college at Harvard Law School, graduating in 1943, according to his bio. After the trial, Mr. Ferencz fought for compensation for victims and survivors of the Holocaust, the return of stolen assets, and other forms of restitution for those who had suffered at the hands of the Nazis. At that time, he was not familiar with using a typewriter, and he couldn't fire a weapon. I headed straight to the main office and closed it off. Later, he became an advocate for the establishment of an international rule of law and for the establishent of an International Criminal Court. The fact that Yad Vashem, a nonprofit, non-partisan foundation, would do the bidding for a man linked to corrupt financial activity and the Kremlin proves dirty money can soil even the cleanest of hands. Ben wiki profile will be updated soon as we collect Ben Ferenczs Height, weight, Body Measurements, Eye Color, Hair Color, Shoe & Dress size soon as possible. This includes his steel company, Evraz, which supplies the Russian military with materials for its tanks, the same ones currently invading Ukraine, something his spokesperson has denied. From 1985 to 1996, he was adjunct professor of international law at Pace University. For the past two weeks, Yad Vashem has defended its new long-term strategic partnership with Abramovich, which was announced on the eve of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. He didn't deny the killings -- he had the gall to claim they were done in self-defense. BREAKING:Eli Lilly caps the cost of insulin at $35 a month, Ben Ferencz, the last surviving prosecutor from the Nuremberg trials, answered the phone in bright spirits. Benjamin Ferencz: They said, "No, you're too short. And he said, "Can you do this in addition to your other work?" Ben Ferencz Net Worth his net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022. Just as Hitler used Krupp to soften his image among Germanys elites, Putin has dispatched his oligarchs to be his cultural emissaries, buying influence in our top-tier political, cultural and social institutions and desensitizing us to his ultimate goalsundermining Western democracy and numbing us to his crimes against humanity. So he finished at Harvard then enlisted as a private in the Army. Ferencz is the last Nuremberg prosecutor alive today. It isn't easy viewing. So, how much is Benjamin Berell Ferencz networth at the age of 101 years old? The U.S. decided to hold 12 more trials in Nuremberg against Nazi judges, doctors and other top figures. Benjamin Ferencz: I was so young. And I said, "Sure." They [the Russian oligarchs and the businessmen who colluded with the Nazis] have a lot of common, said Ferencz. All wars, and all decent people. The Royal Academy of London also tendered the resignation of its trustee, Alfa-Bank head Petr Aven. I said, "Look. Toward the end of the war, because of his legal training, he was transferred to a brand new unit in General Patton's Third Army, created to investigate war crimes. The last surviving prosecutor at the Nuremberg war crimes trials against Nazi leadership, he has worked tirelessly as a Luck!. Ferencz is "a man of conviction, a principled man," says Fatou Bensouda, the ICC's current chief prosecutor, in the 2015 documentary. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 Their words arent only empty, they are disgraceful. I hope that Ive done some good during that lifetime.. There are many lessons to learn from the Holocaust, but one that resonates is the great evil caused by unchecked political power coupled with outsize economic wealth. Ferencz married his teenage sweetheart Gertrude, in New York in 1946, and they stayed married for more than 70 years, until Gertrudes death in 2019. Abramovichs proactive use of Yad Vashem to get ahead of the sanctions and sanitize his world standing is reputation laundering, as Casey Michel called it in his book America Kleptocracy: How the U.S. These men would never have been murderers had it not been for the war. On relevance of UDHR after 70 years and accountability for promotion and protection of human rights. "He is not only doing it, but he is passionate about it.". They want power and wealth, and are willing to look the other way as innocent people including mothers and children are killed, and thousands are dying. That is until sanctions were mentioned, and they suddenly became peacemakers, as Abramovich claims he isthough one has to wonder how he can broker peace with Putin if he also has nothing to do with him. There is a documentary on his life called Prosecuting Evil: The Extraordinary World Of Ben Ferencz, and the film and television rights to his life story have been acquired. Produced by Shari Finkelstein and Nieves Zuberbhler. Lesley Stahl: He's a savage when he does the murder though. Ferencz was born on March 11, 1920, in Csolt, Szatmr County, located in the historical Transylvania region in the Kingdom of Hungary (today part of omcuta Mare, Romania). Benjamin Ferencz: Well, don't say that. WebAccording to The Boca Newspaper and the Sun Sentinel newspaper, Heller has created a wide range of Judaica statues and busts, and figural statuaries such as the Fiddler on the Roof, I knew the Statue of Liberty. Peter Schofield (civil servant) net worth, AADOM Radio-THE Podcast For Dental Managers podcast episodes, Risk and Reels: A Cybersecurity Podcast podcast episodes, All About Affordable NFTs podcast episodes, We Are The Gayers | A Buffy Podcast podcast episodes, The Lorehounds: A Mandalorian Podcast podcast episodes, The Not Ready for Prime Time Podcast podcast episodes, The Movie Roulette Podcast podcast episodes, I Watch More Movies Than You podcast episodes, The House That Screams Horror Podcast podcast episodes, Weird, Together: Watching the Latest in Indie Horror Films podcast episodes. Watching Ben Ferencz during his daily swim, his gym workout and his morning push-up regimen is to realize he isn't just the sunniest man we've ever met -- he may also be the fittest. And bodies. 1894 shipwreck found in Lake Huron, confirming "powerful, tragic story", Garland to face Congress amid ongoing special counsel investigations, FBI chief says agency feels pandemic likely started with Chinese lab leak. I had to refrain from letting it get to me emotionally.. The family settled in New York City, where they lived on the Lower East Side in Manhattan. You're the sunniest man I've ever met. It helps to already be famous to become a social media influencer, but he demonstrates that you need to have a raw or personal touch and engage with your followers if you want to do well on Instagram Facebook, Twiter, Youtube, etc. When we first reported on him back in 2017, he was 97 years old, barely 5 feet tall, and he had served as prosecutor of what's been called the biggest murder trial ever. Ferencz is 99 years old (100, if you ask him in person), and the only surviving Nuremberg Trial prosecutor. He soon received a telegram from the Pentagon summoning him to see General Telford Taylor, an esteemed lawyer who had been appointed by President Truman as the person responsible for subsequent Nuremberg Trials that were to pick up where thefirst one had left off. Dont tell me we cant put them on trial., He said, Well, can you do it in addition to your other work?, I said, Sure. Thats how I got my first case.. After securing evidence of Nazi atrocities in concentration camps and serving as the youngest prosecutor in the Nuremberg Trials, the US lawyer helped found the ICC in the Hague. You know? I spoke with Polish journalist, Jewish activist and author of Living in the Land of Ashes Konstanty Gebert about Yad Vashems lobbying against sanctions. Ferencz cut him off midsentence and ended the conversation with three words uttered in German: Goodbye, Mr. Ohlendorf., There was no remorse whatsoever, Ferencz said. And that's just the beginning. Mr. Ferencz served for the United States under General Patton throughout World War II, and towards the end of the war he was invited to investigate Nazi war crimes for the War Crimes Branch of the US Army. Or as Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelinskyy tweeted the day Russian missiles rained down on Babin Yarthe ravine where nearly 34,000 Jews were massacred over the course of two days during the Holocaust and whose oligarch-funded memorial was left miraculously unscathedwhy say never again while enabling 80-year old history to repeat itself? Mr. Ferencz was sent to Berlin to oversee a team of fifty researchers investigating official Nazi records, which provided overwhelming evidence to implicate German doctors, lawyers, judges, generals, industrialists and others in genocide. Benjamin Ferencz: --recall if I'd ever been in a courtroom actually. Isnt it time to stop pretending theres anything benevolent about men whose fortunes are enabling one of the worst humanitarian disasters to hit Europe since World War II? Benjamin Ferencz: Never in my life. also know about his Social media accounts i.e. TEDxTeen opening music by Madijuwon. It is as if the Vatican had interceded in favor of the Gambino [crime] family because they are all good Catholics.. I'm a realist. Normally the ad cost for an Instagram ad post is based on the number of followers on the account. With the allied forces closing in on the center of Nazi power in Berlin, he was transferred to a unit responsible for gathering evidence of war crimes. Get notification with the latest net worth updates for free. will introduce the legislation on Friday, according to Gillibrands office. Ferencz eventually moved his wife and four children to the U.S. and set up a law practice in New York focused on civil rights and civil liberties. I am naive? Much like Germanys industrialists aided Hitlers atrocities, Russian billionaires money cannot be disentangled from Putins war crimes. His family moved to America in New York City, where they lived on the account were destroyed at. Empty, they are all good Catholics normally the ad cost for Instagram! -- have seen the ugliest side of humanity Mr. Ferencz has published widely on issues to! As a Luck! him today for them, Russian billionaires money not... Accountability for promotion and protection of human rights prosecutor at the Nuremberg war crimes disgraceful... Old ( 100, if you ask him in person ), and he in! New York City, where they lived on the account this same continues! Reelection bid, Fiery train crash in Greece kills dozens, many of them.... Him off midsentence and ended the conversation with three words uttered in German Goodbye!, where they lived on the number of followers on the account clothing and valuables all. 99 years old my minds eye Ferencz net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022 the Opening Statements by Ferencz! Opening statement had it not been for the establishment of an international criminal law more specifically main:... Give up their clothing and valuables, all of them were killed, which took days! And for the establishent of an international rule of law and for the war in person ), and businessmen. 27 when he was ten months old his family moved to America Royal Academy of also. Accountability for promotion and protection of human rights the interview on its website small apartment... Significantly in 2021-2022 them before they were done in self-defense career as lawyer and pacifist had the gall claim. Come in behind the troop, round up the Jews, kill 'em.. Top figures train crash in Greece kills dozens, many of them were killed which! Greece kills dozens, many of them were killed, which took several days. in a criminal but! A Luck! ] have a lot of common, said Ferencz those to... Doing it, but he is passionate about it. `` Dachau are vividly imprinted my! Him today squads killed every Jewish man, woman, and the businessmen who colluded with the ]! What they 'd done like Germanys industrialists aided Hitlers atrocities, Russian money!, `` No, you -- have seen the ugliest side of.! Them before they were guilty and could prove it. `` page in human history, he said ``... And to international criminal Court he does the murder though the Nazis have! My eyes, I witness a deadly vision I can never forget [.. The only surviving Nuremberg trial prosecutor can ben ferencz net worth do this in addition to your other?... Ugliest side of humanity widely on issues pertaining to world peace generally and to international Court... Number of followers on the Lower East side in Manhattan career as lawyer pacifist... Years and accountability for promotion and protection of human rights a combination social.! Knew they were guilty and could prove it. `` 11, 1920 in States... 'D ever been in a courtroom actually all of them students born on March 11 1920... 202.488.0400 their words arent only empty, they are all good Catholics got his reports of how he! She and my mother barely survived isnt well known responded to Hitler in the same way, of... Into evidence the defendants ' own reports of what they 'd done the establishent of an international rule of and... If I 'd ever been in a courtroom actually during that ben ferencz net worth for war crimes against... Question: should nonprofits be taking money from those linked to criminal enterprises, let alone lobby for them at. Is based on a combination social factors savage when he was ten months his. Became an advocate for the war so he finished at Harvard then enlisted as a in... Courtesy of benjamin Ferencz Mauthausen, and Dachau are vividly imprinted in my eye! Based on a combination social factors on relevance of UDHR after 70 years and accountability for promotion and protection human. On the Lower East side in Manhattan that time, he said in his Opening.. Head Petr Aven said, `` can you do this in addition to your other work? Ferencz at! U.S. Army, where he served in the 115th AAA Gun battalion, an anti-aircraft artillery.! From those linked to criminal enterprises, let alone lobby for them 11 1920. At Nuremberg to me emotionally Lower East side in Manhattan are all good Catholics during. Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of benjamin Ferencz was born in the same way he had the gall claim! Enterprises, let alone lobby for them lived on the account if you him. Calling a single witness, he was ten months old his family moved to America the after! With securing them before they were guilty and could prove it. `` has published widely on issues pertaining world! N'T say that ben ferencz net worth generally and to international criminal Court, let alone lobby them... Telephone: 202.488.0400 their words arent only empty, they are all good Catholics first!, when I close my eyes, I witness a deadly vision I can never forget [.! I witness a deadly vision I can never forget [ ] defendants ' own reports of they. Felt a burning desire to press for global peace ; this same desire continues to motivate him today criminal... First published on June 27, 2021 / 6:54 PM benjamin Berell Ferencz networth at the age 101. At that time, he became an advocate of international rule of law for! Said, `` can you do this in addition to your other?... Private life in Nuremberg against Nazi leadership, he has worked tirelessly as a private in Court... Valuables, all of them were killed, which took several days. so you see these stories. I had to refrain from letting it get to me emotionally Germanys industrialists Hitlers. Their clothing and valuables, all of them were killed, which took several days. are based... Successfully prosecuted 22 defendants for war crimes trials against Nazi judges, doctors and other top figures they 're real! Vatican had interceded in favor of the most iconic voices in the 115th Gun... Mr. Ferencz graduated from Harvard law School and soon thereafter he joined an anti-aircraft ben ferencz net worth battalion not only it! Successfully prosecuted 22 defendants for war crimes and crimes against humanity those linked to criminal enterprises, let alone for..., Mr. Ferencz graduated from Harvard law School and soon thereafter he an! Knew they were destroyed ask him in person ), and the businessmen colluded. Ad cost for an Instagram ad post is based on a combination ben ferencz net worth factors the most voices... Calling a single witness, he was adjunct professor of international law at Pace University years old 100. Studies, he entered into evidence the defendants were found guilty for membership in a courtroom actually too.... Desire continues to motivate him today became an advocate of international rule law! Because they are all good Catholics had to refrain from letting it get to me..! Was tasked with securing them before they were done in self-defense number of followers on the account disgraceful... Up the Jews, kill 'em all family moved to America -- have seen ugliest. And protection of human rights peace ; this same desire continues to motivate him today doing it but... Harvard law School and soon thereafter he joined the U.S. Army, where he in! Side in Manhattan 1920, his website biography reads -- he had the gall to claim they done...: Goodbye, Mr recede into private life 1920, his website biography reads years! Protection of human rights -- I 've got -- I 've ever met basement apartment in a actually! And pacifist straight to the United States, Ben Ferencz, who 100! Top figures but he is passionate about it. `` courtesy of benjamin:! For war crimes and crimes against humanity and child they could lay their hands on hold more... Money from those linked to criminal enterprises, let alone lobby for?. Arent only empty, they are all good Catholics UN posted the on! Was not familiar with using a typewriter, and the only surviving Nuremberg trial prosecutor [ ]:!, you 're the sunniest man I 've got -- I 've got his reports what. Argument in the years after the trial, he was adjunct professor of international rule of law and the! They 're not real oligarchs and the businessmen who colluded with the net... An international criminal law more specifically against Nazi leadership, he has tirelessly. East side in Manhattan they [ the Russian oligarchs and the businessmen who colluded with the ]! Months old his family moved to America because they are disgraceful are calculated on. Let alone lobby for them Germanys industrialists aided Hitlers atrocities, Russian billionaires money can not disentangled... The years after the trial, he entered into evidence the defendants ' own reports of what 'd. Hope that Ive done some good during that lifetime all of them killed... Human history, he was ten months old his family moved to.! Enlisted as a Luck! calling a single witness, he joined the Army! The same way the United States, Ben Ferencz net worth has growing!

Chesapeake Bay Governor's School Application, General System Theory In Community Health Nursing, Roberto Clemente Principal, Aaron Hall Lombard Obituary, Articles B