how many people died in the holocaust

[455] Because they refused to pledge allegiance to the Nazi party or serve in the military, Jehovah's Witnesses were sent to concentration camps, where they were given the option of renouncing their faith and submitting to the state's authority. [167] The Jewish death toll in the extermination camps was over three million overall; most Jews were gassed on arrival. The fighting Jews have won for us what is most important: the truth about the weakness of the Germans. [341] Timothy Snyder noted that it was only during the three months after the deportations of JulySeptember 1942 that agreement on the need for armed resistance was reached.[342]. [40] Through a concealed account, the German National Bank helped launder valuables stolen from the victims. On that day, Hitler gave a speech in his apartment at the Reich Chancellery to senior Nazi Party leaders: the Reichsleiter and the Gauleiter. [192] During the same time as their persecution of Serbs and Roma, the Ustae took part in the Holocaust, and killed the majority of the country's Jews;[193] the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 30,148 Jews were murdered. "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion". Sex with Jewish women was forbidden on grounds of racial disgrace by the Nazis, but rape was not considered a racial disgrace in concentration camps. [134] In the ghettos and forced-labor camps, at least half a million died of starvation, disease, and poor living conditions. How Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party turned anti-Semitism into genocide. [422], The survival of Jews in countries where states were not destroyed demonstrates the "crucial" influence of non-Germans (governments and others), according to Christian Gerlach. The French had planned to try Grynszpan for murder, but the German invasion in 1940 interrupted the proceedings. Almost all Jews in German-occupied Poland, the Baltic states and the USSR were murdered, with a 5 percent chance of survival on average. WebHolocaust, Hebrew Shoah (Catastrophe), Yiddish and Hebrew urban (Destruction), the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and [70] Jewish students were restricted by quotas from attending schools and universities. [65], Throughout the 1930s, the legal, economic, and social rights of Jews were steadily restricted. [8], The logistics of the mass murder turned Germany into what Michael Berenbaum called a "genocidal state". [336] This included individual collaboration as well as state collaboration. Yad Vashem. [86], Although not ordered to take part, psychiatrists and many psychiatric institutions were involved in the planning and carrying out of Aktion T4. [132] These orders included, from 1942, facilitating deportations to extermination camps. The, Germany after World War I, Hitler's world view, Dictatorship and repression (January 1933), German Nazi Extermination camps in Poland, Invasion of the Soviet Union (22 June 1941), Pearl Harbor, Germany declares war on the United States, Polish resistance and flow of information. [356] The Sonderkommando at crematorium II threw their Oberkapo into an oven when they heard the commotion, believing that a camp uprising had begun. The pre-war Greek Jewish population had been between 72,000 and 77,000. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [49] The second half of the 19th century saw the emergence, in the German empire and Austria-Hungary, of the vlkisch movement, developed by such thinkers as Houston Stewart Chamberlain and Paul de Lagarde. [182] Germany's inability to defeat Britain, something that was obvious to the Germans by September 1940, prevented the movement of Jews across the seas,[183] and the Foreign Ministry abandoned the plan in February 1942. p.171. [129] Jews were eventually to be expelled to areas of Poland not annexed by Germany. [180] Several Polish, French and British leaders had discussed the idea in the 1930s, as did German leaders from 1938. The British government's view was that the Hungarian people's antisemitism would make them distrust the Allies if Allied broadcasts focused on the Jews. [39] They were then herded naked into the gas chambers. Explosives were used to reduce the time taken by digging. [104] Sigmund Freud and his family arrived in London from Vienna in June 1938, thanks to what David Cesarani called "Herculean efforts" to get them out. [c], Death rates were heavily dependent on the survival of European states willing to protect their Jewish citizens. He was convicted in December 1961 and executed in June 1962. [19][g] The Nazis used the phrase "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" (German: die Endlsung der Judenfrage). [478] The French state-owned railway company, the SNCF, agreed in 2014 to pay $60million to Jewish-American survivors, around $100,000 each, for its role in the transport of 76,000 Jews from France to extermination camps between 1942 and 1944. [242][243] Romania was the only country other than Germany itself that "implemented all the steps of the destruction process, from definitions to killings. Insurance payments for damage to their property were confiscated by the government. "[287] Thirty copies of the minutes, the Wannsee Protocol, were made. According to Timothy Snyder, "more Jews fought in the Warsaw Uprising of August 1944 than in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of April 1943. The other approximately 200,000 people were predominantly made up of non-Jewish Poles, the [332] Between March 1942 and November 1943, around 1,526,500 Jews were murdered in these three camps in gas chambers using carbon monoxide from the exhaust fumes of stationary diesel engines. "[439] At the end of 1940, Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate "all leading elements in Poland". They included the head of the German Red Cross, tenured professors, clinic directors, and biomedical researchers. [380] Raczyski's address was covered by the New York Times and The Times of London. [51] The Nazi Party (the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or National Socialist German Workers' Party) originated as an offshoot of the vlkisch movement, and it adopted that movement's antisemitism. [284] On 8 January, Heydrich sent out notes again, this time suggesting 20 January. [44] Interested in genetics,[44] and keen to experiment on twins, he would pick out subjects on the ramp from the new arrivals during "selection" (to decide who would be gassed immediately and who would be used as slave labor), shouting "Zwillinge heraus!" Antisemitic legislation in Romania was usually aimed at exploiting Jews rather than humiliating them as in Germany. [396] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. By 1944 the Soviet death toll was at least 20million.[201]. In Berlin we were told "Why all this trouble? The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease. [21], Holocaust historians commonly define the Holocaust as the genocide of the European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1941 and 1945. Although other European countriesBulgaria, Independent State of Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, and Vichy Francepassed similar legislation,[91] Gerlach notes that "Nazi Germany adopted more nationwide anti-Jewish laws and regulations (about 1,500) than any other state. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen, in cooperation with the German Army and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms from the summer of 1941. [76] On 14 July 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhtung erbkranken Nachwuchses), the Sterilization Law, was passed. [147] Nearly 1,000 were executed for having done so,[141] and Yad Vashem has named over 7,000 Poles as Righteous Among the Nations. As the Soviet armed forces advanced, the SS closed down the camps in eastern Poland and tried to conceal what had happened. [181] Adolf Eichmann's office was ordered to investigate the option, but no evidence of planning exists until after the defeat of France in June 1940. [469] Twelve additional trials before American courts from 1946 to 1949 tried another 177 defendants; in these trials, the Holocaust took center stage. the Ustashe of Croatia), or forced others into participation. In both cases a relatively small portion out of a Jewish population of 37,000. [318], Christian Gerlach writes that over three million Jews were murdered in 1942, the year that "marked the peak" of the mass murder. Jews in Shanghai were confined, but despite German pressure they were not killed. We have an estimated 2.5 million Jews in the General Government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million. Consequently, the Danish government stayed in power and the Germans found it easier to work through it. [247], Bulgaria introduced anti-Jewish measures between 1940 and 1943 (requirement to wear a yellow star, restrictions on owning telephones or radios, and so on). [87] In August 1941, after protests from Germany's Catholic and Protestant churches, Hitler canceled the T4 program,[88] although disabled people continued to be killed until the end of the war. [474], The government of Israel requested $1.5billion from the Federal Republic of Germany in March 1951 to finance the rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors, arguing that Germany had stolen $6billion from the European Jews. The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. [185], Yugoslavia, home to 80,000 Jews, was dismembered; regions in the north were annexed by Germany and Hungary, regions along the coast were made part of Italy, Kosovo and western Macedonia were given to Albania, while Bulgaria received eastern Macedonia. (twins step forward!). * Roma (Gypsy) people killed by Germans: Estimates range between 220,000 and 500,000 * Number of camps, prisons and other facilities of incarceration within Germany and the lands it occupied: 40,000. [239], At the end of 1937, the Government of Octavian Goga came to power, Romania thus becoming the second overtly antisemitic state in Europe. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Michael Gray, a specialist in Holocaust education. Now the world war has come. The movement embraced a pseudo-scientific racism that viewed Jews as a race whose members were locked in mortal combat with the Aryan race for world domination. [152] Also, after the arrival of Einsatzgruppe C units on 2 July, another 3,000 Jews were killed in mass shootings carried out by the German SS. [374] By c.July 1942, Polish leaders in Warsaw had learned about the mass killing of Jews in Auschwitz. As the method of widespread execution was shooting rather than gas chamber, the Holocaust in the Soviet Union is sometimes referred to as the Holocaust by bullets. Those present included (annotated, left to right): Frank continued by discussing their deportation, then asked: "But what is to happen to the Jews? The gas chambers were dismantled, the crematoria dynamited, and the mass graves dug up and corpses cremated. [421] In occupied countries, the survival of the state was likewise correlated with lower Jewish death rates: 75 percent of Jews survived in France and 99 percent in Denmark, but 75 percent died in the Netherlands, as did 99 percent of Jews who were in Estonia when the Germans arrivedthe Nazis declared Estonia Judenfrei ("free of Jews") in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference. The General Government must become just as free of Jews as the Reich.". All Jews must be shot. [52], After World War I (19141918), many Germans did not accept that their country had been defeated. [168], Germany invaded Norway and Denmark on 9 April 1940, during Operation Weserbung. Forced labor of camp prisoners became commonplace. [331], Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka became known as the Operation Reinhard camps, named after the German plan to murder the Jews in the General Government area of occupied Poland. When America declared war, he blamed the Jews.[273]. Between 2 March and 20 July 1943, 34,313 Jews were sent in 19 transports to the Sobibr extermination camp, where all but 18 are thought to have been gassed on arrival. [330] At Auschwitz, the bodies were at first buried in deep pits and covered with lime, but between September and November 1942, on the orders of Himmler, 100,000 bodies were dug up and burned. [324] Those selected for death at all camps were told to undress and hand their valuables to camp workers. [77][78] The New York Times reported on 21 December that year: "400,000 Germans to be sterilized". WebAnd a similar share (45%) know that approximately 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. [121][l] Palestine was the only location to which any German resettlement plan produced results, via the Haavara Agreement between the Zionist Federation of Germany and the German government. But the German National Bank helped launder valuables stolen from the article.... Tried to conceal what had happened 3.5 million valuables stolen from the article title, during Weserbung! Of European states willing to protect their Jewish citizens was over three million overall ; Jews. Leaders had discussed the idea in the General government, perhaps with the half-Jews all! [ 380 ] Raczyski 's address was covered by the government the crematoria,. The gas chambers were dismantled, the Danish government stayed in power and mass... Destruction of the Jews. [ 201 ] ] by c.July 1942, facilitating deportations to extermination camps was three! 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